Periodontitis is an inflammation of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, called "periodontal". These tissues include the gingiva of the support fibers, called the periodontal membrane and which are anchored in bone teeth.
Periodontitis is a bacterial disease that most often occurs when immune mechanisms are weakened.
Periodontitis usually begins with an inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) extending gradually to the bone, forming "pockets" infected between the gum and the tooth.
In untreated, periodontitis can cause bone destruction and loosening or even loss of teeth.
Note
There are several forms of periodontitis and their classification has long been debated. Preferentially experts speak of "periodontal diseases" which include all violations of the periodontium. The most recent classification distinguishes gingivitis (more superficial) periodontitis who reach os1.
Types of periodontitis
Among periodontitis are commonly distinguished:
chronic periodontitis, which has a growth rate slow to moderate.
aggressive periodontitis, which can be localized or generalized.
Periodontitis can also occur on the margins of diseases such as diabetes, cancer or HIV / AIDS infection, for example. Dentists then speak of periodontitis associated with systemic disease.
Another way to classify periodontitis is to be based on the age of onset of the disease. Thus, one can distinguish:
periodontitis in adults, which are far the most common.
early periodontitis in children and adolescents, which are evolving rapidly.
Who is affected?
According to sources, it is estimated that periodontal diseases affect, to varying degrees, 20-50% of adults in most countries of the world.2.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates for its part, based on 80 studies in over 30 countries, that 10-15% of adults suffer from severe periodontitis worldwide1.
A recent study in the United States confirms that nearly half of adults are suffering from a mild stage periodontitis, moderate or severe. The prevalence and severity of the disease increases with age. The same study points out that about 65% of people over 65 would present a moderate periodontitis or grave3.
Aggressive periodontitis, which affects young people more, is rarer. 0.1 to 0.2% is estimated that it affects the population in Europe, and up to 5-10% of North Americans of Hispanic origin or africaine4.
Causes of the disease
Periodontitis is a complex disease that original involves two factors:
oral bacteria, harmful or "pathogenic".
weakening or lack of responsiveness of the immune system, leaving these bacteria gain ground and multiply.
Several factors may contribute to the onset of periodontitis like smoking, infection, poor nutrition, etc.
Periodontitis can also be a manifestation associated with certain systemic diseases, such as diabetes (see section "those at risk and risk factors").
Hundreds of different species of bacteria live in the mouth. Some are beneficial but others detrimental to oral health. These bacteria form a film on the gums and teeth, which forms the dental plaque.
This plaque is removed during toothbrushing, but quickly reforms and may solidify into tartar.
Within days, the tartar can cause gum inflammation called gingivitis that. Gradually, if the immune system does not react quite so virulent, the balance between "good" and "bad" bacteria will break. The harmful bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis as will take over and tackle the gums until destroy surrounding tissue. Thus periodontitis begins. Each form of periodontitis is associated with a different type of bacteria, making the study of these diseases complexe5 enough.
Evolution and possible complications
Periodontitis occurs when gingivitis is not treated and it progresses. In untreated, periodontitis can lead to tooth loss.
Chronic adult periodontitis progresses slowly over several years.
Aggressive periodontitis starts around adolescence or before age 30 years and undergoing rapid evolution.
Moreover, chronic periodontitis is associated with prolonged inflammation, which has negative effects throughout the body and can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease among others.6.
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